Lysophosphatidic acid acetyltransferases

ABSTRACT

An isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding an LPAAT isozyme is disclosed. Construction of a chimeric gene encoding all or a portion of the LPAAT isozyme, in sense or antisense orientation, wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of the LPAAT isozyme in a transformed host cell is also disclosed.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/121,119, filed Feb. 22, 1999.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is in the field of plant molecular biology and, in particular, this invention pertains to isolated polynucleotides encoding lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases in plants and seeds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Triacylglycerols are nonpolar, water-insoluble fatty acid triesters of glycerols. Triacylglycerols differ according to the identity and placement of their three fatty acid residues. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.51), also called 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-AGP acyltransferase, 1-AGPAT, lysophosphatidic acid transferase, and LPAAT, catalyzes the attachment of the second acyl group to the glycerol backbone during de-novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerols.

The fatty acid distribution in triacylglycerols is thought to be dependent on the specificities of the acyltransferases involved in their biosynthesis. Although no plant LPAAT has been purified to completion, spinach leaves have at least two systems which reside in different subcellular compartments (chloroplast inner membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum) and which incorporate different fatty acids into the glycerol backbone (Frentzen et al. (1984) in Structure, function and metabolism of plant lipids; Siegenthaler and Eichenberger, eds. pp 105-110). Isolation of LPAAT genes from Limnanthes douglasii is dependent on the approach used to isolate the clone. Two different clones have been isolated which varied in their expression patterns, in their ability to complement an E. coli temperature-sensitive mutant defective in LPAAT activity and in their ability to hybridize to the already known maize LPAAT (Brown et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29:267-278). Thus, the presence of many other LPAATs with different specificities, subcellular locations and activities is expected.

Production of industrially-significant oils in seed oil plants has been a quest of the agricultural industry of some time now. Introduction of the yeast LPAAT sequence into Arabidopsis and B. napus results in increased seed oil content in many transgenic plants and in changes in seed oil composition (Zou et al. (1997) Plant Cell 9:909-923).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 80% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52, or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence.

In a second embodiment, it is preferred that the isolated polynucleotide of the claimed invention comprises a first nucleotide sequence which comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52.

In a third embodiment, this invention concerns a chimeric gene comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to suitable regulatory sequences.

In a fourth embodiment, this invention concerns an isolated host cell comprising a chimeric gene of the present invention or an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention. The host cell may be eukaryotic, such as a yeast or a plant cell, or prokaryotic, such as a bacterial cell. The present invention also relates to a virus, preferably a baculovirus, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or a chimeric gene of the present invention.

In a fifth embodiment, the present invention concerns a process for producing an isolated host cell comprising a chimeric gene of the present invention or an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention, the process comprising either transforming or transfecting an isolated compatible host cell with a chimeric gene or isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.

In a sixth embodiment, the invention also relates to lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT isozymes) polypeptides of at least 100 amino acids comprising at least 80% homology based on the Clustal method of alignment compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52.

In a seventh embodiment, the invention concerns a method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a host cell, preferably a plant cell, the method comprising the steps of: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or an isolated chimeric gene of the present invention; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated chimeric gene into a host cell; (c) measuring the level the LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of the LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of the LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in the host cell that does not contain the isolated polynucleotide.

In an eighth embodiment, the invention concerns a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide, preferably a plant LPAAT isozyme polypeptide, comprising the steps of: synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 60 (preferably at least one of 40, most preferably at least one of 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; and amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (preferably a cDNA inserted in a cloning vector) using the oligonucleotide primer. The amplified nucleic acid fragment preferably will encode a portion of an LPAAT isozyme amino acid sequence.

In a ninth embodiment, the invention concerns a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequence encoding an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide comprising the steps of: probing a cDNA or genomic library with an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention; identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention; isolating the identified DNA clone; and sequencing the cDNA or genomic fragment that comprises the isolated DNA clone.

In a tenth embodiment, this invention concerns a composition, such as a hybridization mixture, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.

In an eleventh embodiment, this invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention comprising at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51.

In a twelfth embodiment, this invention concerns a method for positive selection of a transformed cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the chimeric gene of the present invention or an expression cassette of the present invention; and (b) growing the transformed host cell, preferably plant cell, such as a monocot or a dicot, under conditions which allow expression of the LPAAT isozyme polynucleotide in an amount sufficient to complement a null mutant to provide a positive selection means.

In a thirteenth embodiment, this invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 95% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58 or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence. All of the embodiments described above are applicable with the exception of the particular sequences involved and the sequence identity being at least 95% as noted in the appropriate claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying Sequence Listing which form a part of this application.

Table 1 lists the polypeptides that are described herein, the designation of the cDNA clones that comprise the nucleic acid fragments encoding polypeptides representing all or a substantial portion of these polypeptides, and the corresponding identifier (SEQ ID NO:) as used in the attached Sequence Listing. The sequence descriptions and Sequence Listing attached hereto comply with the rules governing nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence disclosures in patent applications as set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.821-1.825. TABLE 1 Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferases SEQ ID NO: Protein Clone Designation (Nucleotide) (Amino Acid) Corn Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 1 2 Mus musculus LPAAT p0018.chssd06r p0104.cabbd29r cca.pk0027.c9 p0018.chstw94r p0094.csssl20r Soybean Polypeptide Similar to sl2.pk121.a19 3 4 Mus musculus LPAAT Wheat Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 5 6 Mus musculus LPAAT wlm1.pk0018.g6 wre1n.pk0040.h11 wre1n.pk0064.g7 Corn Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 7 8 B. pseudomallei LPAAT ceb5.pk0049.b3 cen3n.pk0027.f6 Soybean Polypeptide Similar to sgs1c.pk001.i16 9 10 B. pseudomallei LPAAT Wheat Polypeptide Similar to wre1n.pk0027.d4 11 12 B. pseudomallei LPAAT Arabidopsis Polypeptide Similar ads1c.pk005.i10 13 14 to Arabidopsis thaliana Protein Rice Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 15 16 Arabidopsis thaliana Protein rls6.pk0076.d5 rlr24.pk0068.e3 Soybean Polypeptide Similar to scb1c.pk003.d18 17 18 Arabidopsis thaliana Protein Rice Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 19 20 Corn LPAAT rr1.pk0004.a10 rr1.pk0039.e10 Soybean Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 21 22 Corn LPAAT se4.cp0008.b2 sl2.pk0033.c1 Wheat Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 23 24 Corn LPAAT wlk1.pk0004.e7 wle1n.pk0002.g3 Catalpa Polypeptide Similar to ncs.pk0013.d2:fis 25 26 Mus musculus LPAAT Corn Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 27 28 Mus musculus LPAAT ceb1.pk0011.d11 ceb5.pk0053.e3 p0010.cbpbq45r p0018.chssd06r:fis Rice Polypeptide Similar to rlr2.pk0028.d6:fis 29 30 Mus musculus LPAAT Sorghum Polypeptide Similar to gds1c.pk002.a19:fis 31 32 Mus musculus LPAAT Soybean Polypeptide Similar to sl2.pk121.a19:fis 33 34 Mus musculus LPAAT Catalpa Polypeptide Similar to ncs.pk0009.f12:fis 35 36 B. pseudomallei LPAAT Wheat Polypeptide Similar to wre1n.pk0027.d4:fis 37 38 B. pseudomallei LPAAT Corn Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 39 40 Arabidopsis thaliana Protein ceb1.mn0001.d12:fis cpe1c.pk006.e1 Rice Polypeptide Similar to rls6.pk0076.d5:fis 41 42 A. thaliana Protein Soybean Polypeptide Similar to scb1c.pk003.d18:fis 43 44 Arabidopsis thaliana Protein Corn Polypeptide Similar to cco1n.pk062.p19 45 46 A. thaliana acyltransferase Rice Polypeptide Similar to rlr6.pk0094.f6:fis 47 48 A. thaliana acyltransferase Soybean Polypeptide Similar to sdp4c.pk006.n11:fis 49 50 A. thaliana acyltransferase Soybean Polypeptide Similar to Contig of: 51 52 A. thaliana acyltransferase sgs1c.pk005.k7 sgs5c.pk0003.e7 Rice Polypeptide Similar to rr1.pk0004.a10:fis 53 54 Corn LPAAT Soybean Polypeptide Similar to sl2.pk0033.c1:fis 55 56 Corn LPAAT Wheat Polypeptide Similar to wlk1.pk0004.e7:fis 57 58 Corn LPAAT

The Sequence Listing contains the one letter code for nucleotide sequence characters and the three letter codes for amino acids as defined in conformity with the IUPAC-IUBMB standards described in Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical J. 219 (No. 2):345-373 (1984) which are herein incorporated by reference. The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized. The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid fragment”/“isolated nucleic acid fragment” are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotide sequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures thereof. An isolated polynucleotide of the present invention may include at least one of 60 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least one of 40 contiguous nucleotides, most preferably one of at least 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, or the complement of such sequences and /or (b) SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55, and 57 or the complement of such sequences. The term “isolated” polynucleotide is one that has been substantially separated or purified away from other nucleic acid sequences in the cell of the organism in which the nucleic acid naturally occurs, i.e., other chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA and RNA, by conventional nucleic acid purification methods. The term also embraces recombinant polynucleotides and chemically synthesized polynucleotides.

As used herein, “contig” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is assembled from two or more constituent nucleotide sequences that share common or overlapping regions of sequence homology. For example, the nucleotide sequences of two or more nucleic acid fragments can be compared and aligned in order to identify common or overlapping sequences. Where common or overlapping sequences exist between two or more nucleic acid fragments, the sequences (and thus their corresponding nucleic acid fragments) can be assembled into a single contiguous nucleotide sequence.

As used herein, “substantially similar” refers to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases results in substitution of one or more amino acids, but do not affect the functional properties of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence. “Substantially similar” also refers to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases does not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragment to mediate alteration of gene expression by gene silencing through for example antisense or co-suppression technology. “Substantially similar” also refers to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that do not substantially affect the functional properties of the resulting transcript vis-à-vis the ability to mediate gene silencing or alteration of the functional properties of the resulting protein molecule. It is therefore understood that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary nucleotide or amino acid sequences and includes functional equivalents thereof. The terms “substantially similar” and “corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein.

Substantially similar nucleic acid fragments may be selected by screening nucleic acid fragments representing subfragments or modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention, wherein one or more nucleotides are substituted, deleted and/or inserted, for their ability to affect the level of the polypeptide encoded by the unmodified nucleic acid fragment in a plant or plant cell. For example, a substantially similar nucleic acid fragment representing at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from the instant nucleic acid fragment can be constructed and introduced into a plant or plant cell. The level of the polypeptide encoded by the unmodified nucleic acid fragment present in a plant or plant cell exposed to the substantially similar nucleic fragment can then be compared to the level of the polypeptide in a plant or plant cell that is not exposed to the substantially similar nucleic acid fragment.

For example, it is well known in the art that antisense suppression and co-suppression of gene expression may be accomplished using nucleic acid fragments representing less than the entire coding region of a gene, and by nucleic acid fragments that do not share 100% sequence identity with the gene to be suppressed. Moreover, alterations in a nucleic acid fragment which result in the production of a chemically equivalent amino acid at a given site, but do not effect the functional properties of the encoded polypeptide, are well known in the art. Thus, a codon for the amino acid alanine, a hydrophobic amino acid, may be substituted by a codon encoding another less hydrophobic residue, such as glycine, or a more hydrophobic residue, such as valine, leucine, or isoleucine. Similarly, changes which result in substitution of one negatively charged residue for another, such as aspartic acid for glutamic acid, or one positively charged residue for another, such as lysine for arginine, can also be expected to produce a functionally equivalent product. Nucleotide changes which result in alteration of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the polypeptide molecule would also not be expected to alter the activity of the polypeptide. Each of the proposed modifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as is determination of retention of biological activity of the encoded products. Consequently, an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 60 (preferably at least one of 40, most preferably at least one of 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences, and/or (b) SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55, and 57 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences may be used in methods of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a host cell. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of a polypeptide in a host cell (eukaryotic, such as plant or yeast, prokaryotic such as bacterial, or viral) may comprise the steps of: constructing an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or an isolated chimeric gene of the present invention; introducing the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated chimeric gene into a host cell; measuring the level a polypeptide in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide; and comparing the level of a polypeptide in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of a polypeptide in a host cell that does not contain the isolated polynucleotide.

Moreover, substantially similar nucleic acid fragments may also be characterized by their ability to hybridize. Estimates of such homology are provided by either DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization under conditions of stringency as is well understood by those skilled in the art (Hames and Higgins, Eds. (1985) Nucleic Acid Hybridisation, IRL Press, Oxford, U.K.). Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. Post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions. One set of preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A more preferred set of stringent conditions uses higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C. Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Substantially similar nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may also be characterized by the percent identity of the amino acid sequences that they encode to the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, as determined by algorithms commonly employed by those skilled in this art. Suitable nucleic acid fragments (isolated polynucleotides of the present invention) encode polypeptides that are at least about 70% identical, preferably at least about 80% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are about 85% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. More preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Suitable nucleic acid fragments not only have the above homologies but typically encode a polypeptide having at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200 amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids. Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

A “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequence comprises an amino acid or a nucleotide sequence that is sufficient to afford putative identification of the protein or gene that the amino acid or nucleotide sequence comprises. Amino acid and nucleotide sequences can be evaluated either manually by one skilled in the art, or by using computer-based sequence comparison and identification tools that employ algorithms such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; see also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). In general, a sequence of ten or more contiguous amino acids or thirty or more contiguous nucleotides is necessary in order to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence as homologous to a known protein or gene. Moreover, with respect to nucleotide sequences, gene-specific oligonucleotide probes comprising 30 or more contiguous nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methods of gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation (e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophage plaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12 or more nucleotides may be used as amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleic acid fragment comprising the primers. Accordingly, a “substantial portion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that will afford specific identification and/or isolation of a nucleic acid fragment comprising the sequence. The instant specification teaches amino acid and nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides that comprise one or more particular plant proteins. The skilled artisan, having the benefit of the sequences as reported herein, may now use all or a substantial portion of the disclosed sequences for purposes known to those skilled in this art. Accordingly, the instant invention comprises the complete sequences as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing, as well as substantial portions of those sequences as defined above.

“Codon degeneracy” refers to divergence in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. Accordingly, the instant invention relates to any nucleic acid fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequences set forth herein. The skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a nucleic acid fragment for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the nucleic acid fragment such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.

“Synthetic nucleic acid fragments” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form larger nucleic acid fragments which may then be enzymatically assembled to construct the entire desired nucleic acid fragment. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to nucleic acid fragment, means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemical synthesis of nucleic acid fragments may be accomplished using well established procedures, or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a number of commercially available machines. Accordingly, the nucleic acid fragments can be tailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usage is biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell where sequence information is available.

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. “Endogenous gene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.

“Coding sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences.

“Promoter” refers to a nucleotide sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. The promoter sequence consists of proximal and more distal upstream elements, the latter elements often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer” is a nucleotide sequence which can stimulate promoter activity and may be an innate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic nucleotide segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental conditions. Promoters which cause a nucleic acid fragment to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters of various types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro and Goldberg (1989) Biochemistry of Plants 15:1-82. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, nucleic acid fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.

The “translation leader sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence located between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences have been described (Turner and Foster (1995) Mol. Biotechnol. 3:225-236).

The “3′ non-coding sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1:671-680.

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is referred to as the primary transcript or it may be a RNA sequence derived from posttranscriptional processing of the primary transcript and is referred to as the mature RNA. “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into polypeptide by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a DNA that is complementary to and derived from a mRNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted into the double stranded form using, for example, the klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. “Sense” RNA refers to an RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and so can be translated into a polypeptide by the cell. “Antisense RNA” refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target gene (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065, incorporated herein by reference). The complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific nucleotide sequence, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to sense RNA, antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect on cellular processes.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid fragments on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orientation.

The term “recombinant” means, for example, that a recombinant nucleic acid sequence is made by an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. “Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein. “Overexpression” refers to the production of a gene product in transgenic organisms that exceeds levels of production in normal or non-transformed organisms. “Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantially similar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020, incorporated herein by reference).

“Altered levels” or “altered expression” refers to the production of gene product(s) in transgenic organisms in amounts or proportions that differ from that of normal or non-transformed organisms.

“Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primary translation product have been removed. “Precursor” protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre- and propeptides still present. Pre- and propeptides may be but are not limited to intracellular localization signals.

A “chloroplast transit peptide” is an amino acid sequence which is translated in conjunction with a protein and directs the protein to the chloroplast or other plastid types present in the cell in which the protein is made. “Chloroplast transit sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a chloroplast transit peptide. A “signal peptide” is an amino acid sequence which is translated in conjunction with a protein and directs the protein to the secretory system (Chrispeels (1991) Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:21-53). If the protein is to be directed to a vacuole, a vacuolar targeting signal (supra) can further be added, or if to the endoplasmic reticulum, an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (supra) may be added. If the protein is to be directed to the nucleus, any signal peptide present should be removed and instead a nuclear localization signal included (Raikhel (1992) Plant Phys. 100:1627-1632).

“Transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms. Examples of methods of plant transformation include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (De Blaere et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol. 143:277) and particle-accelerated or “gene gun” transformation technology (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050, incorporated herein by reference). Thus, isolated polynucleotides of the present invention can be incorporated into recombinant constructs, typically DNA constructs, capable of introduction into and replication in a host cell. Such a construct can be a vector that includes a replication system and sequences that are capable of transcription and translation of a polypeptide-encoding sequence in a given host cell. A number of vectors suitable for stable transfection of plant cells or for the establishment of transgenic plants have been described in, e.g., Pouwels et al., Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual, 1985, supp. 1987; Weissbach and Weissbach, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1989; and Flevin et al., Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. Typically, plant expression vectors include, for example, one or more cloned plant genes under the transcriptional control of 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences and a dominant selectable marker. Such plant expression vectors also can contain a promoter regulatory region (e.g., a regulatory region controlling inducible or constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific expression), a transcription initiation start site, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter “Maniatis”).

“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique for the synthesis of large quantities of specific DNA segments. It consists of a series of repetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwark, Conn.). Typically, the double-stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primers complementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed at low temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. One set of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a cycle.

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 80% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52, or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence.

Preferably, the first nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52.

The present invention also concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 95% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58 or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence.

Preferably, the first nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos:19, 21, 23, 53, 55 and 57 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58.

Nucleic acid fragments encoding at least a portion of several LPAAT isozymes have been isolated and identified by comparison of random plant cDNA sequences to public databases containing nucleotide and protein sequences using the BLAST algorithms well known to those skilled in the art. The nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to isolate cDNAs and genes encoding homologous proteins from the same or other plant species. Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to, methods of nucleic acid hybridization, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction).

For example, genes encoding other LPAAT isozymes, either as cDNAs or genomic DNAs, could be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the instant nucleic acid fragments as DNA hybridization probes to screen libraries from any desired plant employing methodology well known to those skilled in the art. Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the instant nucleic acid sequences can be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (Maniatis). Moreover, the entire sequences can be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan such as random primer DNA labeling, nick translation, or end-labeling techniques, or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems. In addition, specific primers can be designed and used to amplify a part or all of the instant sequences. The resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full length cDNA or genomic fragments under conditions of appropriate stringency.

In addition, two short segments of the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used in polymerase chain reaction protocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA. The polymerase chain reaction may also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the instant nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding plant genes. Alternatively, the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector. For example, the skilled artisan can follow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8998-9002) to generate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented in the 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences. Using commercially available 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems (BRL), specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated (Ohara et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5673-5677; Loh et al. (1989) Science 243:217-220). Products generated by the 3′ and 5′ RACE procedures can be combined to generate full-length cDNAs (Frohman and Martin (1989) Techniques 1:165). Consequently, a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 60 (preferably one of at least 40, most preferably one of at least 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31,         33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of         such nucleotide sequences may be used in such methods to obtain         a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of an         amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, and/or     -   (b) SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55 and 57 and the complement of         such nucleotide sequences may be used in such methods to obtain         a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of an         amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide preferably a substantial portion of a plant LPAAT isozyme polypeptide, comprising the steps of: synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 60 (preferably at least one of 40, most preferably at least one of 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31,         33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of         such nucleotide sequences; and/or     -   (b) SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55 and 57 and the complement of         such nucleotide sequences,         and amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (preferably a cDNA         inserted in a cloning vector) using the oligonucleotide primer.         The amplified nucleic acid fragment preferably will encode a         portion of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide.

Availability of the instant nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences facilitates immunological screening of cDNA expression libraries. Synthetic peptides representing portions of the instant amino acid sequences may be synthesized. These peptides can be used to immunize animals to produce polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with specificity for peptides or proteins comprising the amino acid sequences. These antibodies can be then be used to screen cDNA expression libraries to isolate full-length cDNA clones of interest (Lerner (1984) Adv. Immunol. 36:1-34; Maniatis).

In another embodiment, this invention concerns host cells comprising either the chimeric genes of the invention as described herein or an isolated polynucleotide of the invention as described herein. Examples of host cells which can be used to practice the invention include, but are not limited to, yeast, bacteria, plants, and viruses.

As was noted above, the nucleic acid polynucleotides of the instant invention may be used to create transgenic plants in which the disclosed polypeptides are present at higher or lower levels than normal or in cell types or developmental stages in which they are not normally found. This would have the effect of altering the level of specific triacylglycerols in those cells. For example overexpression of an LPAAT similar to the maize LPAAT, such as those contained in Example 6, will result in higher oil content in the seed, stem and leaf while overexpression of LPAAT similar to Burkholderia pseudomallei will result in larger accumulation of oil in seed.

Overexpression of the proteins of the instant invention may be accomplished by first constructing a chimeric gene in which the coding region is operably linked to a promoter capable of directing expression of a gene in the desired tissues at the desired stage of development. The chimeric gene may comprise promoter sequences and translation leader sequences derived from the same genes. 3′ Non-coding sequences encoding transcription termination signals may also be provided. The instant chimeric gene may also comprise one or more introns in order to facilitate gene expression.

Plasmid vectors comprising the isolated polynucleotide (or chimeric gene) may be constructed. The choice of plasmid vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host plants. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the plasmid vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells containing the chimeric gene. The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independent transformation events will result in different levels and patterns of expression (Jones et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4:2411-2418; De Almeida et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86), and thus that multiple events must be screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expression level and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, Western analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis.

For some applications it may be useful to direct the instant polypeptides to different cellular compartments, or to facilitate its secretion from the cell. It is thus envisioned that the chimeric gene described above may be further supplemented by directing the coding sequence to encode the instant polypeptides with appropriate intracellular targeting sequences such as transit sequences (Keegstra (1989) Cell 56:247-253), signal sequences or sequences encoding endoplasmic reticulum localization (Chrispeels (1991) Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:21-53), or nuclear localization signals (Raikhel (1992) Plant Phys. 100:1627-1632) with or without removing targeting sequences that are already present. While the references cited give examples of each of these, the list is not exhaustive and more targeting signals of use may be discovered in the future.

It may also be desirable to reduce or eliminate expression of genes encoding the instant polypeptides in plants for some applications. In order to accomplish this, a chimeric gene designed for co-suppression of the instant polypeptide can be constructed by linking a gene or gene fragment encoding that polypeptide to plant promoter sequences. Alternatively, a chimeric gene designed to express antisense RNA for all or part of the instant nucleic acid fragment can be constructed by linking the gene or gene fragment in reverse orientation to plant promoter sequences. Either the co-suppression or antisense chimeric genes could be introduced into plants via transformation wherein expression of the corresponding endogenous genes are reduced or eliminated.

Molecular genetic solutions to the generation of plants with altered gene expression have a decided advantage over more traditional plant breeding approaches. Changes in plant phenotypes can be produced by specifically inhibiting expression of one or more genes by antisense inhibition or cosuppression (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,190,931, 5,107,065 and 5,283,323). An antisense or cosuppression construct would act as a dominant negative regulator of gene activity. While conventional mutations can yield negative regulation of gene activity these effects are most likely recessive. The dominant negative regulation available with a transgenic approach may be advantageous from a breeding perspective. In addition, the ability to restrict the expression of specific phenotype to the reproductive tissues of the plant by the use of tissue specific promoters may confer agronomic advantages relative to conventional mutations which may have an effect in all tissues in which a mutant gene is ordinarily expressed.

The person skilled in the art will know that special considerations are associated with the use of antisense or cosuppression technologies in order to reduce expression of particular genes. For example, the proper level of expression of sense or antisense genes may require the use of different chimeric genes utilizing different regulatory elements known to the skilled artisan. Once transgenic plants are obtained by one of the methods described above, it will be necessary to screen individual transgenics for those that most effectively display the desired phenotype. Accordingly, the skilled artisan will develop methods for screening large numbers of transformants. The nature of these screens will generally be chosen on practical grounds. For example, one can screen by looking for changes in gene expression by using antibodies specific for the protein encoded by the gene being suppressed, or one could establish assays that specifically measure enzyme activity. A preferred method will be one which allows large numbers of samples to be processed rapidly, since it will be expected that a large number of transformants will be negative for the desired phenotype.

In another embodiment, the present invention concerns an polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids that has at least 80% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52.

In still another embodiment, the present invention also concerns a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids that has at least 95% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58.

The instant polypeptides (or portions thereof) may be produced in heterologous host cells, particularly in the cells of microbial hosts, and can be used to prepare antibodies to the these proteins by methods well known to those skilled in the art. The antibodies are useful for detecting the polypeptides of the instant invention in situ in cells or in vitro in cell extracts. Preferred heterologous host cells for production of the instant polypeptides are microbial hosts. Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containing regulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreign proteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these could be used to construct a chimeric gene for production of the instant polypeptides. This chimeric gene could then be introduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to provide high level expression of the encoded LPAAT isozyme. An example of a vector for high level expression of the instant polypeptides in a bacterial host is provided (Example 9).

All or a substantial portion of the polynucleotides of the instant invention may also be used as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes. For example, the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Maniatis) of restriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention. The resulting banding patterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1:174-181) in order to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to probe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the instant nucleic acid sequence in the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in genetic mapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 4:37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping of specific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variations thereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations, randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets of individuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art.

Nucleic acid probes derived from the instant nucleic acid sequences may also be used for physical mapping (i.e., placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In: Nonmammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996, pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, nucleic acid probes derived from the instant nucleic acid sequences may be used in direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favor use of large clones (several to several hundred KB; see Laan et al. (1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allow performance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods of genetic and physical mapping may be carried out using the instant nucleic acid sequences. Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, the sequence of a nucleic acid fragment is used to design and produce primer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

Loss of function mutant phenotypes may be identified for the instant cDNA clones either by targeted gene disruption protocols or by identifying specific mutants for these genes contained in a maize population carrying mutations in all possible genes (Ballinger and Benzer (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86:9402-9406; Koes et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 92:8149-8153; Bensen et al. (1995) Plant Cell 7:75-84). The latter approach may be accomplished in two ways. First, short segments of the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used in polymerase chain reaction protocols in conjunction with a mutation tag sequence primer on DNAs prepared from a population of plants in which Mutator transposons or some other mutation-causing DNA element has been introduced (see Bensen, supra). The amplification of a specific DNA fragment with these primers indicates the insertion of the mutation tag element in or near the plant gene encoding the instant polypeptides. Alternatively, the instant nucleic acid fragment may be used as a hybridization probe against PCR amplification products generated from the mutation population using the mutation tag sequence primer in conjunction with an arbitrary genomic site primer, such as that for a restriction enzyme site-anchored synthetic adaptor. With either method, a plant containing a mutation in the endogenous gene encoding the instant polypeptides can be identified and obtained. This mutant plant can then be used to determine or confirm the natural function of the instant polypeptides disclosed herein.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which all parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

The disclosure of each reference set forth above is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Example 1 Composition of cDNA Libraries, Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

cDNA libraries representing mRNAs from various Arabidopsis, catalpa, corn, rice, sorghum, soybean, and wheat tissues were prepared. The characteristics of the libraries are described below. TABLE 2 cDNA Libraries from Arabidopsis, Catalpa, Corn, Rice, Sorghum, Soybean, and Wheat Library Tissue Clone ads1c Arabidopsis Wassilewskija 6 day old seedlings ads1c.pk005.i10 cca Corn Callus Type II Tissue, Undifferentiated, Highly cca.pk0027.c9 Transformable cco1n Corn Cob of 67 Day Old Plants Grown in Green House¹ cco1n.pk062.p19:fis ceb1 Corn Embryo 10 to 11 Days After Pollination ceb1.mn0001.d12:fis ceb1 Corn Embryo 10 to 11 Days After Pollination ceb1.pk0011.d11 ceb5 Corn Embryo 30 Days After Pollination ceb5.pk0049.b3 ceb5 Corn Embryo 30 Days After Pollination ceb5.pk0053.e3 cen3n Corn Endosperm 20 Days After Pollination¹ cen3n.pk0027.f6 cpe1c Corn pooled BMS treated with chemicals related to cpe1c.pk006.e1 phosphatase² gds1c Sorghum Seed 20 Days After Pollination gds1c.pk002.a19:fis ncs Catalpa speciosa Developing Seed ncs.pk0009.f12:fis ncs Catalpa speciosa Developing Seed ncs.pk0013.d2:fis p0010 Corn Log Phase Suspension Cells Treated With A23187³ p0010.cbpbq45r to Induce Mass Apoptosis p0018 Corn Seedling After 10 Day Drought, Heat Shocked for p0018.chssd06r 24 Hours, Harvested After Recovery at Normal Growth Conditions for 8 Hours p0018 Corn Seedling After 10 Day Drought, Heat Shocked for p0018.chstw94r 24 Hours, Harvested After Recovery at Normal Growth Conditions for 8 Hours p0094 Corn Leaf Collars for the Ear Leaf (EL) and the Next Leaf p0094.csssl20r Above and Below the EL¹ p0104 Corn Roots V5 Stage⁴, Corn Root Worm Infested¹ p0104.cabbd29r rlr2 Rice Leaf 15 Days After Germination, 2 Hours After rlr2.pk0028.d6:fis Infection of Strain Magaporthe grisea 4360-R-62 (AVR2-YAMO); Resistant rlr24 Rice Leaf 15 Days After Germination, 24 Hours After rlr24.pk0068.e3 Infection of Strain Magaporthe grisea 4360-R-62 (AVR2-YAMO); Resistant rlr6 Rice Leaf 15 Days After Germination, 6 Hours After rlr6.pk0094.f6:fis Infection of Strain Magaporthe grisea 4360-R-62 (AVR2-YAMO); Resistant rls6 Rice Leaf 15 Days After Germination, 6 Hours After rls6.pk0076.d5 Infection of Strain Magaporthe grisea 4360-R-67 (AVR2-YAMO); Susceptible rr1 Rice Root of Two Week Old Developing Seedling rr1.pk0004.a10 rr1 Rice Root of Two Week Old Developing Seedling rr1.pk0039.e10 scb1c Soybean Embryogenic Suspension Culture Subjected to scb1c.pk003.d18 4 Bombardments and Collected 12 Hours Later sdp4c Soybean Developing Pods (10-12 mm) sdp4c.pk006.n11:fis se4 Soybean Embryo, 19 Days After Flowering se4.cp0008.b2 sgs1c Soybean Seeds 4 Hours After Germination sgs1c.pk001.i16 sgs1c Soybean Seeds 4 Hours After Germination sgs1c.pk005.k7 sgs5c Soybean Seeds 4 Days After Germination sgs5c.pk0003.e7 sl2 Soybean Two-Week-Old Developing Seedlings Treated sl2.pk0033.c1 With 2.5 ppm chlorimuron sl2 Soybean Two-Week-Old Developing Seedlings Treated sl2.pk121.a19 With 2.5 ppm chlorimuron wle1n Wheat Leaf From 7 Day Old Etiolated Seedling¹ wle1n.pk0002.g3 wlk1 Wheat Seedlings 1 Hour After Treatment With Herbicide⁵ wlk1.pk0004.e7 wlm1 Wheat Seedlings 1 Hour After Inoculation With Erysiphe wlm1.pk0018.g6 graminis f. sp tritici wre1n Wheat Root From 7 Day Old Etiolated Seedling¹ wre1n.pk0027.d4 wre1n Wheat Root From 7 Day Old Etiolated Seedling¹ wre1n.pk0040.h11 wre1n Wheat Root From 7 Day Old Etiolated Seedling¹ wre1n.pk0064.g7 ¹These libraries were normalized essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,845, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. ²Chemicals used included okadaic acid, cyclosporin A, calyculin A, cypermethrin. ³A23187 is commercially available from several vendors including Calbiochem. ⁴Corn developmental stages are explained in the publication “How a corn plant develops” from the Iowa State University Coop. Ext. Service Special Report No. 48 reprinted June 1993. ⁵Application of 6-iodo-2-propoxy-3-propyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone; synthesis and methods of using this compound are described in USSN 08/545,827, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

cDNA libraries may be prepared by any one of many methods available. For example, the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in Uni-ZAP™ XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). The Uni-ZAP™ XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBluescript. In addition, the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript II SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GIBCO BRL Products). Once the cDNA inserts are in plasmid vectors, plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBluescript plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences. Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye-primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or “ESTs”; see Adams et al., (1991) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.

Example 2 Identification of cDNA Clones

cDNA clones encoding LPAAT isozymes were identified by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; see also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) searches for similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases). The cDNA sequences obtained in Example 1 were analyzed for similarity to all publicly available DNA sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTN algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The DNA sequences were translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish and States (1993) Nat. Genet. 3:266-272) provided by the NCBI. For convenience, the P-value (probability) of observing a match of a cDNA sequence to a sequence contained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated by BLAST are reported herein as “pLog” values, which represent the negative of the logarithm of the reported P-value. Accordingly, the greater the pLog value, the greater the likelihood that the cDNA sequence and the BLAST “hit” represent homologous proteins.

Example 3 Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Proteins Similar to Mus musculus LPAAT

The BLASTX search using the EST sequences from clones listed in Table 3 revealed similarity of the proteins encoded by the cDNAs to an unknown protein from Caenorhabditis elegans and a putative LPAAT protein from Mus musculus (NCBI General Identifier Nos. 3878960 and 2317725, respectively). Shown in Table 3 are the BLAST results for individual ESTs (“EST”) or for the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”): TABLE 3 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Mus musculus LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 3878960 2317725 Contig of: Contig 59.40 57.70 p0018.chssd06r p0104.cabbd29r cca.pk0027.c9 p0018.chstw94r p0094.csssl20r sl2.pk121.a19 EST 15.22 10.09 Contig of: Contig 54.30 50.52 wlm1.pk0018.g6 wre1n.pk0040.h11 wre1n.pk0064.g7

The sequence of the entire cDNA insert in clones p0018.chssd06r and s12.pk121.a19 was determined. Further sequencing and analysis of the DuPont proprietary EST database allowed the identification of catalpa, rice, and sorghum clones encoding polypeptides with similarities to Mus musculus LPAAT. The BLAST search using the sequences from clones listed in Table 4 revealed similarity of the proteins encoded by the cDNAs to an unknown protein from Caenorhabditis elegans and a putative LPAAT protein from Mus musculus (NCBI General Identifier Nos. 3878960 and 2317725, respectively). Shown in Table 4 are the BLAST results for the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones (“FIS”), the sequences of the entire protein encoded by a contig assembled from an FIS and one or more ESTs (“Contig*”), or the sequences of the entire protein encoded by an FIS (“CGS”): TABLE 4 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Mus musculus LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 3878960 2317725 ncs.pk0013.d2:fis CGS 56.40 54.15 Contig of: Contig* 58.00 55.04 ceb1.pk0011.d11 ceb5.pk0053.e3 p0010.cbpbq45r p0018.chssd06r:fis rlr2.pk0028.d6:fis CGS 57.70 55.40 gds1c.pk002.a19:fis FIS 58.10 45.52 sl2.pk121.a19:fis CGS 57.70 53.00

In this type of plant LPAAT domain I consists of amino acids Asn-His-Thr-Ser-Met-Ile-Asp-Phe-Ile and domain II (62 amino acids downstream) consists of amino acids Leu-Ile-Phe-Pro-Glu-Gly-Thr-Cys.

The data in Table 5 represents a calculation of the percent identity of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 4 6, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 and the Caenorhabditis elegans and Mus musculus sequences (NCBI General Identifier Nos. 3878960 and 2317725, respectively). TABLE 5 Percent Identity of Amino Acid Sequences Deduced From the Nucleotide Sequences of cDNA Clones Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Mus musculus LPAAT Percent Identity to SEQ ID NO. 3878960 2317725 2 38.5 35.1 4 39.3 29.9 6 39.8 35.9 26 31.8 35.4 28 32.1 36.1 30 31.9 37.4 32 33.5 36.1 34 32.2 35.4

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encode a substantial portion of a corn, a sorghum, a soybean and a wheat LPAAT and entire catalpa, corn, rice, and soybean LPAAT proteins. These sequences represent the first catalpa, corn, rice, soybean, and wheat sequences encoding LPAAT proteins of this type.

Example 4 Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding LPAATs Similar to Burkholderia pseudomallei LPAAT

The BLASTX search using the EST sequences from clones listed in Table 3 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the cDNAs to LPAAT from Burkholderia pseudomallei (NCBI General Identifier No. 3135672). Shown in Table 6 are the BLAST results for individual ESTs (“EST”) the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones (“FIS”), or for the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”): TABLE 6 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Burkholderia pseudomallei LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 3135672 Contig of: Contig 9.52 ceb5.pk0049.b3 cen3n.pk0027.f6 sgs1c.pk001.i16 FIS 9.30 wre1n.pk0027.d4 EST 4.00

The sequence of the entire cDNA insert from clone wre1n.pk0027.d4 was determined. Further sequencing and analysis of the DuPont proprietary database allowed the identification of a catalpa clone with similarity to the Burkholderia pseudomallei LPAAT. The BLAST search using the sequences from clones listed in Table 7 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the Arabidopsis thaliana contig to similar to acyltransferase (NCBI General Identifier No. 6503307) and of the cDNAs to LPAAT from Burkholderia pseudomallei (NCBI General Identifier No. 3135672). Shown in Table 7 are the BLAST results for the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones encoding the entire protein (“CGS”): TABLE 7 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Burkholderia pseudomallei LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 6503307 3135672 ncs.pk0009.f12:fis CGS 87.00 10.22 wre1n.pk0027.d4:fis CGS 83.52 11.40

In this type of plant LPAAT domain I consists of amino acids Asn-His-(Val or Ile)-Ser-Tyr-(Val, Ile, or Leu)-Asp-Ile-Leu and domain II (62 amino acids downstream) consists of amino acids Xaa1-(Leu or Ile)-Phe-Pro-Glu-Gly-Thr-Thr, where Xaa1 is Leu, Ile, Met or Tyr.

The data in Table 8 represents a calculation of the percent identity of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 36, and 38 and the Burkholderia pseudomallei sequence (NCBI General Identifier No. 3135672). TABLE 8 Percent Identity of Amino Acid Sequences Deduced From the Nucleotide Sequences of cDNA Clones Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Burkholderia pseudomallei LPAAT Percent Identity to SEQ ID NO. 3135672 8 19.8 10 17.6 12 17.4 36 219.1 38 20.3

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encode a substantial portion of a wheat LPAAT and entire corn, catalpa, soybean, and wheat LPAAT proteins. These sequences represent the first corn, catalpa, soybean, and wheat sequences encoding LPAATs of this type.

Example 5 Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Putative LPAATs

The BLASTX search using the EST sequences from clones listed in Table 9 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the contig to an unknown protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (NCBI General Identifier No. 2979560). Shown in Table 9 are the BLAST results for individual ESTs (“EST”), the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones (“FIS”), or the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”): TABLE 9 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to LPAATs BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 2979560 ads1c.pk005.i10 FIS 52.00 Contig of: Contig 22.70 rls6.pk0076.d5 rlr24.pk0068.e3 scb1c.pk003.d18 EST 45.04

The sequence of the entire cDNA insert in clones r1s6.pk0076.d5 and scb1c.pk003.d18 was determined. Further sequencing and analysis of the DuPont proprietary database allowed the identification of corn clones with similarities to the Arabidopsis thaliana putative protein. The BLAST search using the sequences from clones listed in Table 10 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the contig to an unknown protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (NCBI General Identifier No. 2979560). Shown in Table 10 are the BLAST results for the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones (“FIS”), the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”), or the sequences of an FIS encoding the entire protein (“CGS”): TABLE 10 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to LPAATs BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 2979560 Contig of: Contig 21.70 ceb1.mn0001.d12:fis cpe1c.pk006.e1 rls6.pk0076.d5:fis FIS 67.52 scb1c.pk003.d18:fis CGS 81.00

In this type of plant LPAATs domain I includes the amino acids Ser-Asn-His-(Val or Ile)Ser-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Pro-Ile and domain II (61 amino acids downstream) includes the amino acids Leu-Leu-Phe-Pro-Glu-Gly-Thr-Thr-Thr.

The BLAST search using the sequences from clones listed in Table 11 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the contig to a member of the acyltransferase family from Arabidopsis thaliana (NCBI General Identifier No. 6503307). Shown in Table 11 are the BLAST results for the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones (“FIS”), the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”), or the sequences of the entire protein encoded by an FIS (“CGS”): TABLE 11 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to LPAATs BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 6503307 cco1n.pk062.p19:fis CGS 119.00 rlr6.pk0094.f6:fis CGS 111.00 sdp4c.pk006.n11:fis FIS 95.52 Contig of: Contig 6.52 sgs1c.pk005.k7 sgs5c.pk0003.e7

In this type of plant LPAATs domain I includes the amino acids Ser-Asn-His-Val-Ser-Tyr-(Val or Leu)-Asp-Ile-Leu and domain II (61 amino acids downstream) includes the amino acids Leu-Phe-Pro-Glu-Gly-Thr-Thr-Thr.

The data in Table 12 represents a calculation of the percent identity of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52 and the Arabidopsis thaliana sequences (NCBI General Identifier No. 6503307). TABLE 12 Percent Identity of Amino Acid Sequences Deduced From the Nucleotide Sequences of cDNA Clones Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to LPAATs Percent Identity to SEQ ID NO. 2979560 6503307 14 36.3 13.2 16 32.8 13.8 18 65.4 16.8 40 27.0 21.1 42 50.2 16.9 44 65.4 19.7 46 18.0 54.6 48 18.1 52.5 50 11.2 63.7 52 12.4 19.5

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encode a substantial portion of an Arabidopsis, a corn, a rice, and a soybean LPAAT and an entire soybean LPAAT. These sequences represent the first corn, rice, soybean, and Arabidopsis sequences encoding LPAAT of this type.

Example 6 Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Proteins Similar to Zea mays LPAAT

The BLASTX search using the EST sequences from clones listed in Table 13 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the cDNAs to LPAAT from Zea mays (NCBI General Identifier No. 575960). Shown in Table 13 are the BLAST results for the sequences of contigs assembled from two or more ESTs (“Contig”): TABLE 13 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Zea mays LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 575960 Contig of: Contig 57.70 rr1.pk0004.a10 rr1.pk0039.e10 Contig of: Contig 67.15 se4.cp0008.b2 sl2.pk0033.c1 Contig of: Contig 78.70 wlk1.pk0004.e7 wle1n.pk0002.g3

The sequence of the entire cDNA insert in clones rr1.pk0004.a10, s12.pk0033.c1, and w1k1.pk0004.e7 was determined. The BLASTP search using the amino acid sequences from clones listed in Table 14 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the cDNAs to LPAATs from Zea mays and Brassica napus (NCBI General Identifier Nos. 1076821 and 4583544, respectively). Shown in Table 14 are the BLAST results for the sequences of the entire cDNA inserts comprising the indicated cDNA clones encoding the entire protein (“CGS”): TABLE 14 BLAST Results for Sequences Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Zea mays LPAAT BLAST pLog Score Clone Status 1076821 4583544 rr1.pk0004.a10:fis CGS >254.00 149.00 sl2.pk0033.c1:fis CGS 169.00 175.00 wlk1.pk0004.e7:fis CGS >254.00 148.00

In this type of plant LPAAT domain I consists of amino acids Ser-Asn-His-Arg-Ser-Asp-Ile-Asp-Trp-Leu and domain II (69 amino acids downstream) consists of amino acids Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-Glu-Gly-Thr-Arg-Phe.

The data in Table 15 represents a calculation of the percent identity of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58 and the Zea mays sequence (NCBI General Identifier Nos. 1076821). TABLE 15 Percent Identity of Amino Acid Sequences Deduced From the Nucleotide Sequences of cDNA Clones Encoding Polypeptides Homologous to Zea mays LPAAT Percent Identity to SEQ ID NO. 1076821 20 72.6 22 72.4 24 73.1 54 91.2 56 70.1 58 84.8

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encode a substantial portion of and an entire rice, soybean, and wheat LPAAT. These sequences represent the first rice, soybean, and wheat sequences encoding LPAATs of this type.

Example 7 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Monocot Cells

A chimeric gene comprising a cDNA encoding the instant polypeptides in sense orientation with respect to the maize 27 kD zein promoter that is located 5′ to the cDNA fragment, and the 10 kD zein 3′ end that is located 3′ to the cDNA fragment, can be constructed. The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites (NcoI or SmaI) can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the digested vector pML103 as described below. Amplification is then performed in a standard PCR. The amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes NcoI and SmaI and fractionated on an agarose gel. The appropriate band can be isolated from the gel and combined with a 4.9 kb NcoI-SmaI fragment of the plasmid pML103. Plasmid pML103 has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209), and bears accession number ATCC 97366. The DNA segment from pML103 contains a 1.05 kb SalI-NcoI promoter fragment of the maize 27 kD zein gene and a 0.96 kb SmaI-SalI fragment from the 3′ end of the maize 10 kD zein gene in the vector pGem9Zf(+) (Promega). Vector and insert DNA can be ligated at 15° C. overnight, essentially as described (Maniatis). The ligated DNA may then be used to transform E. coli XL 1-Blue (Epicurian Coli XL-1 Blue™; Stratagene). Bacterial transformants can be screened by restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA and limited nucleotide sequence analysis using the dideoxy chain termination method (Sequenase™ DNA Sequencing Kit; U.S. Biochemical). The resulting plasmid construct would comprise a chimeric gene encoding, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the maize 27 kD zein promoter, a cDNA fragment encoding the instant polypeptides, and the 10 kD zein 3′ region.

The chimeric gene described above can then be introduced into corn cells by the following procedure. Immature corn embryos can be dissected from developing caryopses derived from crosses of the inbred corn lines H99 and LH132. The embryos are isolated 10 to 11 days after pollination when they are 1.0 to 1.5 mm long. The embryos are then placed with the axis-side facing down and in contact with agarose-solidified N6 medium (Chu et al. (1975) Sci. Sin. Peking 18:659-668). The embryos are kept in the dark at 27° C. Friable embryogenic callus consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells with somatic proembryoids and embryoids borne on suspensor structures proliferates from the scutellum of these immature embryos. The embryogenic callus isolated from the primary explant can be cultured on N6 medium and sub-cultured on this medium every 2 to 3 weeks.

The plasmid, p35S/Ac (obtained from Dr. Peter Eckes, Hoechst Ag, Frankfurt, Germany) may be used in transformation experiments in order to provide for a selectable marker. This plasmid contains the Pat gene (see European Patent Publication 0 242 236) which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT). The enzyme PAT confers resistance to herbicidal glutamine synthetase inhibitors such as phosphinothricin. The pat gene in p35S/Ac is under the control of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The particle bombardment method (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327:70-73) may be used to transfer genes to the callus culture cells. According to this method, gold particles (1 μm in diameter) are coated with DNA using the following technique. Ten μg of plasmid DNAs are added to 50 μL of a suspension of gold particles (60 mg per mL). Calcium chloride (50 μL of a 2.5 M solution) and spermidine free base (20 μL of a 1.0 M solution) are added to the particles. The suspension is vortexed during the addition of these solutions. After 10 minutes, the tubes are briefly centrifuged (5 sec at 15,000 rpm) and the supernatant removed. The particles are resuspended in 200 μL of absolute ethanol, centrifuged again and the supernatant removed. The ethanol rinse is performed again and the particles resuspended in a final volume of 30 μL of ethanol. An aliquot (5 μL) of the DNA-coated gold particles can be placed in the center of a Kapton™ flying disc (Bio-Rad Labs). The particles are then accelerated into the corn tissue with a Biolistic™ PDS-1000/He (Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules Calif.), using a helium pressure of 1000 psi, a gap distance of 0.5 cm and a flying distance of 1.0 cm.

For bombardment, the embryogenic tissue is placed on filter paper over agarose-solidified N6 medium. The tissue is arranged as a thin lawn and covered a circular area of about 5 cm in diameter. The petri dish containing the tissue can be placed in the chamber of the PDS-1000/He approximately 8 cm from the stopping screen. The air in the chamber is then evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches of Hg. The macrocarrier is accelerated with a helium shock wave using a rupture membrane that bursts when the He pressure in the shock tube reaches 1000 psi.

Seven days after bombardment the tissue can be transferred to N6 medium that contains gluphosinate (2 mg per liter) and lacks casein or proline. The tissue continues to grow slowly on this medium. After an additional 2 weeks the tissue can be transferred to fresh N6 medium containing gluphosinate. After 6 weeks, areas of about 1 cm in diameter of actively growing callus can be identified on some of the plates containing the glufosinate-supplemented medium. These calli may continue to grow when sub-cultured on the selective medium.

Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:833-839).

Example 8 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Dicot Cells

A seed-specific expression cassette composed of the promoter and transcription terminator from the gene encoding the β subunit of the seed storage protein phaseolin from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris (Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238) can be used for expression of the instant polypeptides in transformed soybean. The phaseolin cassette includes about 500 nucleotides upstream (5′) from the translation initiation codon and about 1650 nucleotides downstream (3′) from the translation stop codon of phaseolin. Between the 5′ and 3′ regions are the unique restriction endonuclease sites Nco I (which includes the ATG translation initiation codon), Sma I, Kpn I and Xba I. The entire cassette is flanked by Hind III sites.

The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the expression vector. Amplification is then performed as described above, and the isolated fragment is inserted into a pUC 18 vector carrying the seed expression cassette.

Soybean embryos may then be transformed with the expression vector comprising sequences encoding the instant polypeptides. To induce somatic embryos, cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, can be cultured in the light or dark at 26° C. on an appropriate agar medium for 6-10 weeks. Somatic embryos which produce secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos which multiplied as early, globular staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can maintained in 35 mL liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26° C. with fluorescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of liquid medium.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). A DuPont Biolistic™ PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) can be used for these transformations.

A selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a chimeric gene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179-188) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The seed expression cassette comprising the phaseolin 5′ region, the fragment encoding the instant polypeptides and the phaseolin 3′ region can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.

To 50 μL of a 60 mg/mL 1 μm gold particle suspension is added (in order): 5 μL DNA (1 μg/μL), 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M), and 50 μL CaCl₂ (2.5 M). The particle preparation is then agitated for three minutes, spun in a microfuge for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles are then washed once in 400 μL 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μL of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension can be sonicated three times for one second each. Five μL of the DNA-coated gold particles are then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette. For each transformation experiment, approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded. Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.

Five to seven days post bombardment, the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly. Seven to eight weeks post bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

Example 9 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Microbial Cells

The cDNAs encoding the instant polypeptides can be inserted into the T7 E. coli expression vector pBT430. This vector is a derivative of pET-3a (Rosenberg et al. (1987) Gene 56:125-135) which employs the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/T7 promoter system. Plasmid pBT430 was constructed by first destroying the EcoR I and Hind III sites in pET-3a at their original positions. An oligonucleotide adaptor containing EcoR I and Hind III sites was inserted at the BamH I site of pET-3a. This created pET-3aM with additional unique cloning sites for insertion of genes into the expression vector. Then, the Nde I site at the position of translation initiation was converted to an Nco I site using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The DNA sequence of pET-3aM in this region, 5′-CATATGG, was converted to 5′-CCCATGG in pBT430.

Plasmid DNA containing a cDNA may be appropriately digested to release a nucleic acid fragment encoding the protein. This fragment may then be purified on a 1% NuSieve GTG™ low melting agarose gel (FMC). Buffer and agarose contain 10 μg/ml ethidium bromide for visualization of the DNA fragment. The fragment can then be purified from the agarose gel by digestion with GELase™ (Epicentre Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions, ethanol precipitated, dried and resuspended in 20 μL of water. Appropriate oligonucleotide adapters may be ligated to the fragment using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). The fragment containing the ligated adapters can be purified from the excess adapters using low melting agarose as described above. The vector pBT430 is digested, dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase (NEB) and deproteinized with phenol/chloroform as described above. The prepared vector pBT430 and fragment can then be ligated at 16° C. for 15 hours followed by transformation into DH5 electrocompetent cells (GIBCO BRL). Transformants can be selected on agar plates containing LB media and 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Transformants containing the gene encoding the instant polypeptides are then screened for the correct orientation with respect to the T7 promoter by restriction enzyme analysis.

For high level expression, a plasmid clone with the cDNA insert in the correct orientation relative to the T7 promoter can be transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3) (Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 189:113-130). Cultures are grown in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) at 25° C. At an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 1, IPTG (isopropylthio-β-galactoside, the inducer) can be added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM and incubation can be continued for 3 h at 25°. Cells are then harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in 50 μL of 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0 containing 0.1 mM DTT and 0.2 mM phenyl methylsulfonyl fluoride. A small amount of 1 mm glass beads can be added and the mixture sonicated 3 times for about 5 seconds each time with a microprobe sonicator. The mixture is centrifuged and the protein concentration of the supernatant determined. One μg of protein from the soluble fraction of the culture can be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels can be observed for protein bands migrating at the expected molecular weight.

Activity assays may be conducted under well known experimental conditions which permit optimal enzymatic activity. For example, assays for LPAAT which incorporates medium-sized chain fatty acids are presented by Knutzon et al. (1995) Plant Physiol. 109:999-1006. Assays for LPAAT which incorporates fatty acids longer than 18 carbons are presented by Lassner et al. (1995) Plant Physiol. 109:1389-1394. Assays to investigate the fatty acid selectivity of LPAATs is presented by Löhden and Frentzen (1992) Planta 188:215-224. 

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 80% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52, or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence.
 2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the first nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and
 52. 3. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the nucleotide sequences are DNA.
 4. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the nucleotide sequences are RNA.
 5. A chimeric gene comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 operably linked to suitable regulatory sequences.
 6. An isolated host cell comprising the chimeric gene of claim
 5. 7. A host cell comprising an isolated polynucleotide of claim
 1. 8. The host cell of claim 7 wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, bacteria, plant, and virus.
 9. The host cell of claim 8 wherein the host cell is a virus.
 10. A polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids that has at least 80% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and
 52. 11. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a plant cell, which comprises: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from an isolated polynucleotide of claim 1; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide into a plant cell; (c) measuring the level of a polypeptide in the plant cell containing the polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of polypeptide in a plant cell that does not contain the isolated polynucleotide.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the isolated polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, and
 52. 13. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a plant cell which comprises: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide of claim 1; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide into a plant cell; (c) measuring the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of polypeptide in a plant cell that does not contain the polynucleotide.
 14. A method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide which comprises: (a) synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; and (b) amplifying a nucleic acid sequence using the oligonucleotide primer.
 15. A method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide which comprises: (a) probing a cDNA or genomic library with an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with the isolated polynucleotide; (c) isolating the identified DNA clone; and (d) sequencing the cDNA or genomic fragment that comprises the isolated DNA clone.
 16. A composition comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim
 1. 17. A composition comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim
 10. 18. An isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence having at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 5land the complement of such sequences.
 19. A method for positive selection of a transformed cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the chimeric gene of claim 5; and (b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions which allow expression of the polynucleotide in an amount sufficient to complement a null mutant to provide a positive selection means.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the plant cell is a monocot.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the plant cell is a dicot.
 22. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) first nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids having at least 95% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and 58 or (b) a second nucleotide sequence comprising the complement of the first nucleotide sequence.
 23. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 22, wherein the first nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos:19, 21, 23, 53, 55 and 57 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and
 58. 24. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 22 wherein the nucleotide sequences are DNA.
 25. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 22 wherein the nucleotide sequences are RNA.
 26. A chimeric gene comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 22 operably linked to suitable regulatory sequences.
 27. An isolated host cell comprising the chimeric gene of claim
 26. 28. A host cell comprising an isolated polynucleotide of claim
 22. 29. The host cell of claim 28 wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, bacteria, plant, and virus.
 30. The host cell of claim 29 wherein the host cell is a virus.
 31. A polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids that has at least 95% identity based on the Clustal method of alignment when compared to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and
 58. 32. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a plant cell, which comprises: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from an isolated polynucleotide of claim 22; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide into a plant cell; (c) measuring the level of a polypeptide in the plant cell containing the polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of polypeptide in a plant cell that does not contain the isolated polynucleotide.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the isolated polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID 19, 21, 23, 53, 55 and 57 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:20, 22, 24, 54, 56, and
 58. 34. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide in a plant cell which comprises: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide of claim 22; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide into a plant cell; (c) measuring the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of polypeptide in the plant cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of polypeptide in a plant cell that does not contain the polynucleotide.
 35. A method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide which comprises: (a) synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55, and 57 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; and (b) amplifying a nucleic acid sequence using the oligonucleotide primer.
 36. A method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding an LPAAT isozyme polypeptide which comprises: (a) probing a cDNA or genomic library with an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55, and 57 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with the isolated polynucleotide; (c) isolating the identified DNA clone; and (d) sequencing the cDNA or genomic fragment that comprises the isolated DNA clone.
 37. A composition comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim
 22. 38. A composition comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim
 31. 39. An isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence having at least one of 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:19, 21, 23, 53, 55, and 57 and the complement of such sequences.
 40. A method for positive selection of a transformed cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the chimeric gene of claim 26; and (b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions which allow expression of the polynucleotide in an amount sufficient to complement a null mutant to provide a positive selection means.
 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the plant cell is a monocot.
 42. The method of claim 40 wherein the plant cell is a dicot. 